The Toronto-Dominion Bank Beneish M-Score Calculation
The M-score was created by Professor Messod Beneish. Instead of measuring the bankruptcy risk (Altman Z-Score) or business trend (Piotroski F-Score), M-score can be used to detect the risk of earnings manipulation. This is the original research paper on M-score.
The M-Score Variables:
The M-score of The Toronto-Dominion Bank for today is based on a combination of the following eight different indices:
| M | = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * DSRI | + | 0.528 * GMI | + | 0.404 * AQI | + | 0.892 * SGI | + | 0.115 * DEPI |
| = | -4.84 | + | 0.92 * 0.9036 | + | 0.528 * 1 | + | 0.404 * 1.0001 | + | 0.892 * 1.2152 | + | 0.115 * 0.985 |
| - | 0.172 * SGAI | + | 4.679 * TATA | - | 0.327 * LVGI |
| - | 0.172 * 1.0008 | + | 4.679 * -0.007709 | - | 0.327 * 1.0704 |
| = | -2.44 |
* For Operating Data section: All numbers are indicated by the unit behind each term and all currency related amount are in USD.
* For other sections: All numbers are in millions except for per share data, ratio, and percentage. All currency related amount are indicated in the company's associated stock exchange currency.
| This Year (Apr25) TTM: | Last Year (Apr24) TTM: |
Total Receivables was MXN777,126 Mil.
Revenue was 210249.171 + 213630.363 + 214671.026 + 191385.823 = MXN829,936 Mil.
Gross Profit was 210249.171 + 213630.363 + 214671.026 + 191385.823 = MXN829,936 Mil.
Total Current Assets was MXN0 Mil.
Total Assets was MXN28,926,413 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was MXN136,079 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was MXN29,703 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was MXN365,000 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was MXN0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was MXN3,078,909 Mil.
Net Income was 155949.282 + 40042.252 + 52928.792 + -2454.534 = MXN246,466 Mil.
Non Operating Income was 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = MXN0 Mil.
Cash Flow from Operations was 164483.122 + -720832.227 + 1160414.619 + -134606.085 = MXN469,459 Mil.
|
Total Receivables was MXN707,739 Mil.
Revenue was 171702.741 + 174551.549 + 172643.662 + 164082.566 = MXN682,981 Mil.
Gross Profit was 171702.741 + 174551.549 + 172643.662 + 164082.566 = MXN682,981 Mil.
Total Current Assets was MXN0 Mil.
Total Assets was MXN24,542,647 Mil.
Property, Plant and Equipment(Net PPE) was MXN118,766 Mil.
Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization(DDA) was MXN25,451 Mil.
Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) was MXN300,127 Mil.
Total Current Liabilities was MXN0 Mil.
Long-Term Debt & Capital Lease Obligation was MXN2,440,453 Mil.
|
1. DSRI = Days Sales in Receivables Index
Measured as the ratio of Revenue in Total Receivables in year t to year t-1.
A large increase in DSR could be indicative of revenue inflation.
| DSRI | = | (Receivables_t / Revenue_t) | / | (Receivables_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) |
| = | (777126 / 829936.383) | / | (707738.756 / 682980.518) |
| = | 0.936368 | / | 1.03625 |
| | = | 0.9036 |
2. GMI = Gross Margin Index
Measured as the ratio of gross margin in year t-1 to gross margin in year t.
Gross margin has deteriorated when this index is above 1. A firm with poorer prospects is more likely to manipulate earnings.
| GMI | = | GrossMargin_t-1 | / | GrossMargin_t |
| = | (GrossProfit_t-1 / Revenue_t-1) | / | (GrossProfit_t / Revenue_t) |
| = | (682980.518 / 682980.518) | / | (829936.383 / 829936.383) |
| = | 1 | / | 1 |
| | = | 1 |
3. AQI = Asset Quality Index
AQI is the ratio of asset quality in year t to year t-1.
Asset quality is measured as the ratio of non-current assets other than Property, Plant and Equipment to Total Assets.
| AQI | = | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t + PPE_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | (1 - (CurrentAssets_t-1 + PPE_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | (1 - (0 + 136079.025) / 28926412.734) | / | (1 - (0 + 118765.534) / 24542647.423) |
| = | 0.995296 | / | 0.995161 |
| | = | 1.0001 |
4. SGI = Sales Growth Index
Ratio of Revenue in year t to sales in year t-1.
Sales growth is not itself a measure of manipulation. However, growth companies are likely to find themselves under pressure to manipulate in order to keep up appearances.
| SGI | = | Sales_t | / | Sales_t-1 |
| = | Revenue_t | / | Revenue_t-1 |
| = | 829936.383 | / | 682980.518 |
| | = | 1.2152 |
5. DEPI = Depreciation Index
Measured as the ratio of the rate of Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization in year t-1 to the corresponding rate in year t.
DEPI greater than 1 indicates that assets are being depreciated at a slower rate. This suggests that the firm might be revising useful asset life assumptions upwards, or adopting a new method that is income friendly.
| DEPI | = | (Depreciation_t-1 / (Depreciaton_t-1 + PPE_t-1)) | / | (Depreciation_t / (Depreciaton_t + PPE_t)) |
| = | (25450.615 / (25450.615 + 118765.534)) | / | (29703.081 / (29703.081 + 136079.025)) |
| = | 0.176475 | / | 0.179169 |
| | = | 0.985 |
Note: If the Depreciation, Depletion and Amortization data is not available, we assume that the depreciation rate is constant and set the Depreciation Index to 1.
6. SGAI = Sales, General and Administrative expenses Index
The ratio of Selling, General, & Admin. Expense(SGA) to Sales in year t relative to year t-1.
SGA expenses index > 1 means that the company is becoming less efficient in generate sales.
| SGAI | = | (SGA_t / Sales_t) | / | (SGA_t-1 /Sales_t-1) |
| = | (365000.363 / 829936.383) | / | (300126.837 / 682980.518) |
| = | 0.439793 | / | 0.439437 |
| | = | 1.0008 |
7. LVGI = Leverage Index
The ratio of total debt to Total Assets in year t relative to yeat t-1.
An LVGI > 1 indicates an increase in leverage
| LVGI | = | ((LTD_t + CurrentLiabilities_t) / TotalAssets_t) | / | ((LTD_t-1 + CurrentLiabilities_t-1) / TotalAssets_t-1) |
| = | ((3078908.811 + 0) / 28926412.734) | / | ((2440452.649 + 0) / 24542647.423) |
| = | 0.106439 | / | 0.099437 |
| | = | 1.0704 |
8. TATA = Total Accruals to Total Assets
Total accruals calculated as the change in working capital accounts other than cash less depreciation.
| TATA | = | (IncomefromContinuingOperations_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (NetIncome_t - NonOperatingIncome_t | - | CashFlowsfromOperations_t) | / | TotalAssets_t |
| = | (246465.792 - 0 | - | 469459.429) | / | 28926412.734 |
| | = | -0.007709 |
An M-Score of equal or less than -1.78 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator. An M-Score of greater than -1.78 signals that the company is likely to be a manipulator.
The Toronto-Dominion Bank has a M-score of -2.44 suggests that the company is unlikely to be a manipulator.
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